Ruthenium or Ru Element Facts

Ruthenium or Ru is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal that also belongs to the noble metals and platinum metals group in the periodic table. While it does not readily tarnish, the pure element can form a reactive oxide that can explode. Here are physical and chemical properties and other ruthenium facts: Element Name: Ruthenium Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Weight: 101.07 Uses of Ruthenium Ruthenium is one of the best hardeners for addition to palladium or platinum. It is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts with extreme wear resistance.Ruthenium is used to plate other metals. Thermal decomposition or electrodeposition are the most common metals used to make ruthenium coatings.One ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is superconductive at 10.6 K.Adding 0.1% ruthenium to titanium improves its corrosion resistance by a factor of a hundred.Ruthenium oxides are versatile catalysts.Ruthenium is used in some pen nibs. (Dont chew on your pen!) Interesting Ruthenium Facts Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered.The element name comes from the Latin word  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRuthenia’. Ruthenia means Russia, which refers to the Ural Mountains of Russia, the original source of the platinum metal group ores.Ruthenium compounds are similar to those formed by the element cadmium. Like cadmium, ruthenium is toxic to humans. It is believed to be a carcinogen. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)  is considered particularly dangerous.Ruthenium compounds stain or discolor skin.Ruthenium is the only group 8 element that does not have 2 electrons in its outer shell.The pure element is susceptible to attack by halogens and hydroxides. It is not affected by acids, water, or air.Karl K. Klaus was the first to isolate ruthenium as a pure element. This was an involved process in which he first prepared the salt,  ammonium chlororuthenate, (NH4)2RuCl6, and then isolated the metal from it in order to characterize it.Ruthenium displays a wide range of oxidation states (7 or 8), although it is most commonly found in the II, III, and IV states.Pure ruthenium costs around $1400 per 100 grams of the metal.The element abundance in the Earths crust is estimated to be 1 part per billion by weight. The abundance in the solar system is believed to be about 5 parts per billion by weight. Sources of Ruthenium Ruthenium occurs with other members of the platinum group of metals in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found in the Sudbury, Ontario nickel-mining region and in the pyroxenite deposits of South Africa. Ruthenium may also be extracted from radioactive waste. A complex process is used to isolate ruthenium. The final step is hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride to yields a powder that is consolidated by powder metallurgy or argon-arc welding. Element Classification: Transition Metal Discovery: Karl Klaus 1844 (Russia),  however, Jà ¶ns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann  discovered impure ruthenium in 1827 or 1828 Density (g/cc): 12.41 Melting Point (K): 2583 Boiling Point (K): 4173 Appearance: silvery-gray, extremely brittle metal Atomic Radius (pm): 134 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 8.3 Covalent Radius (pm): 125 Ionic Radius: 67 (4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.238 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): (25.5) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.2 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 710.3 Oxidation States: 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 0, -2 Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.700 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.584 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Psychology and Points Essay - 599 Words

Answer the questions below. When you are finished, turn in your assignment for grading. Use complete sentences and answer each part of the assignment. 1. Write about a time when you have seen someone or some people do things that make no sense to you, or perhaps times when you have been frustrated and thought, That makes no sense at all! (5 points) There have been many times that I have seen people do things that make no sense, and thought â€Å"That makes no sense at all!† One time was when I was at a fast food restaurant with my family and was looking around. Something on the floor caught my attention. The tiles that were on the floor. They had a pattern on them and as each tile went the pattern stayed flawless,†¦show more content†¦(2 points) Cognitive- Behavioral Cognitive- Behavioral psychology is the study of how a person thinks and acts affects their feelings, emotions, personality, and actions. This may not be the best fit choice but it is the one I think that fits best right now. What influence do parents have over who their children become? (2 points) Developmental Developmental psychology is the study of how the mix of child’s genes and upbringing affect their feelings, emotions, personality, and actions. How can we combat racism and conflicts between different races and cultures? (2 points) Social Social psychology is the study of how relationships between people and groups affect feelings, emotions, and reactions toward one another. 3. Write a question you have about human behavior that is interesting to you. Write your question. (3 points) What is mankind’s biggest weakness? Why are you interested in this question? (3 points) When studied as a whole group, what is the world’s biggest weakness? Think about the definition of psychology. How is your question related to this definition — that is, what is it about your question that makes it one psychology can address? (3 points) The mass study of how our behaviors create a general weakness. Which branch (or branches) within psychology are most closely related to your question? (3 points) Behavioral Do you think there can be an answer to yourShow MoreRelated11381 Words   |  5 PagesIt? Journal Psychology (S2958282) Faith Eke Points possible:  30 Date: ____________ Answer the questions below. When you are finished, turn in your assignment for grading. Use complete sentences and answer each part of the assignment. 1. Think of a time in your life when someone you know was having difficulty. Using that example, choose the statement from the list below that seems most true. Then, for the statement you choose, write which perspective or branch from psychology (humanistic, positiveRead MoreTesting The Limits Of Sense And Science930 Words   |  4 Pagespseudoscientific ideas of psychology such as spiritualism in which to support the scientific and experimental boundaries of the discipline of psychology. 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Sadd discusses the currentRead MoreThe Need For Total Elimination Is Unjustified1122 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Churchland argues for the total elimination as opposed to smooth reduction of folk psychology with materialistic sciences to replace it in â€Å"Eliminative Materialism and The Propositional Attitudes,† on grounds that folk psychology is a theory that is primarily flawed due to a severe lack of explanatory power. Additionally has a bad historical trend of retreat and lack of progress, and does not fit well with prominent physical sciences. I will explain his argument in this paper, evaluate it forRead MoreGraduate Programs Comparison1324 Words   |  6 PagesChoose three graduate programs that you are interested in researching. For each program, answer the following questions. School 1: University of California, Los Angeles Graduate Program Name: Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology 1 List the admission requirements for graduate studies in psychology. Universitys minimum requirements: i. 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It is theRead MoreIntroduction to Cross u2013 Cultural Psychology 2 Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesCross – Cultural Psychology Josie Quezada PSY/ 450 Instructor: Desiree’ Deshay January 29, 2015 Psychology has many different branches that concentrate on different areas; one of the branches that focus on how cultural influences human behavior is cross – cultural psychology. Cross – Cultural psychology helps an individual understand the behavior, emotions, and the ability of connecting with different people from different cultures. It is not only an effective branch in psychology but also it helpsRead MoreGeslalt Psychology1501 Words   |  7 PagesGestalt psychology means unified whole. Gestalt psychology does not look at things as individual elements but as a whole. The three main founders who established the school of gestalt psychology were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka as well as Wolfgang Kohler. The foundations of the Gestalt psychology are perception, memory and learning. Some of the principles of Gestalt psychology are isomorphism, productive thinking as well as reproductive thinking which will be elaborated in this essay. One of theRead MoreThe New Psych ology Field Of Positive Psychology928 Words   |  4 PagesThe new Psychology field of Positive Psychology promotes a â€Å"flourishing† life dedicated to individuals looking to expand the pleasant, engagement and meaning in their life. Many Positive Psychologist use Gratitude Practice as a method of therapy to aid individuals with a wealth of positive constructs. Before looking into Gratitude Practice it is important to begin the research by taking a look at what Positive psychology is. Positive Psychology is a newer field in Psychology focused on the study

Taxation - Theory - Practice and Law Modern Treaty Law

Question: Describe about the Taxation, Theory, Practice and Law for Modern Treaty Law. Answer: Case Study 1: Residence and Source Requirements As per the Case Study, Fred is a temporary resident of Australia who is a sub-category of resident and special rules apply to these residents. Basically, somebody who holds a temporary visa like a working holiday visa or the visa of an employer sponsored from abroad are defined as temporary residents. As per the Case Study, Fred comes to Australia who is a British corporation in the management consultancy and he wants to set up a branch there. For 12 months, he leased out a resident in Melbourne. He was accompanied by his wife though his sons do not accompany him because of their college. The behaviour of Fred in Australia was similar to that of the United Kingdom. Fred has rented out a family home but he has to ignore his foreign rent because he holds a temporary resident visa. Fred also earns his interest from his investments which he has in the France. Fred returns to the UK after 11 months after he arrived in the Australia. There are many other issues that a temporary resident has to consider. Temporary residents are subjected to capital gains tax (CGT) rules for the foreign residents. There are certain rules where the capital gains tax is a share or right which are obtained under the employee share scheme or have been a temporary resident. It means that a temporary resident is subjected to capital gains tax on Capital gains tax events happening to the taxable Australian property (McGee, 2011). The Migration Act 1958 states that a person holding a temporary visa is called a temporary resident. (Grewcock, 2011). According to the Social Security Act 1991, they are not temporary residents. (Thompson and Maginn, 2012). Fred is a temporary resident and is subjected to capitals gains tax in Australia on asset which are taxable Australian property. Fred ceases to be a temporary resident and so he will be subjected to the tax in Australia on his capital gains and worldwide income. Any capital losses or capital gains Fred has made in respect to the assets held in the United Kingdom will become a Subject to the capital gains tax in Australia and the cost base for the assets will be set in accordance to the market value of the assets (Burman, 2010). Fred will receive a credit in the foreign tax for any tax paid in the United Kingdom on the gains. When Fred departed Australia, he is able to cash in his superannuation balance. There are also additional sections of the tax returns that require to be completed in a year that Fred becomes a temporary resident and that year Fred would have to cease being a temporary resident. Lodgement obligations must be met and tax refund has to be made sure because Fred is entitled to a refund in the tax. Fred may also be exempt from paying the Medicare levy, which is 1.5% tax on Australian income. Case Study 2: Ordinary Income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Tax) (1904) 5 TC 159 The principle guiding the court decisions in this congested are of taxation law of Australia and the Lord Justice Clerk articulated this in the Californian Copper Syndicate Limited v Harris. This is the case within New Zealand. The Income Tax was assessed with questions and this is a principle settled well. The owner who has an ordinary investment gets a greater price after choosing to realize the Income Tax. The values are enhanced and there was a profit for the accessibility to the Income Tax. It enhanced the values acquired from the conversation or the realization of the securities measuring where it is done is not the investment change but the act done carrying in and out of the business. The association of the person buying and selling of the securities or the land hypothetically in order to deal with such investment is because the business seeks to make gains. There is difficulty in defining the two classes of the cases and each case is considered in accordance with the facts, the sum of the profits which are mere enhancement in the value by the realisation of the security or the profit made in the business operations to carry out a scheme in order to make gains. A Delphic significance is given to the Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris for the oft citation of the truism. But there furnishes no criterion for the determination of such questions which is before the court in this case. The income is the business production. But it depends on the nature of the business and the relationship of the source which is profited by the business. Everything which the taxpayer gets is not necessarily the income. A significant aspect of the decision was the business activities of the taxpayer who served as the auditor of the company Rangatira Limited. The taxpayers capital funds was maintained by the directors policy and made sure that the dividend yield was that of the regular income stream. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 In this case, when the law changed it represented the high water mark for non accessible receipts. In order to obtain the coal assets incorporation was done by the taxpayer in the New South Wales from a related company. The taxpayer has not been carrying out mining in any of these lands though it may be for a short period. In the past history, this land In the Newcastle area, there was further land where the coal was mined until it got exhausted. In a large way the land in the sub-division was sold by the firm. In the previous years, there were minor sales. There was forty five acres of land which was set aside for the Lambton town for the production of homes for miners. Roads called Russel Road was built in the subdivision where there was twenty four acres of land. The appellant commenced for pushing the sale of the land and gained expenditure in sub dining in order to make the land look attractive to the buyers. Railway stations as well as roads for 5,000 were constructed and publi c institutions received land like churches and schools there were land for the parks as well (Duncan, 2012). Newcastle Hospital bought a large area of land. In order to hold the gain, there were a number of statements of principles from decided cases requiring qualification. . Weights should not be attached to any circumstances that every year there had been large sales. Parts of the estate should be laid out with the sewers and the roads sold it in building lots and it is done for the owner. The Hudsons Bay will not apply to Scottish Australian Mining as there has to be a nature to purchase the land which merely turns property into money. It took two days to hear the Scottish Australian Mining Case as showed by the Commonwealth Law Report and the judgement was determined at the first instance. The information about the extended hearing of the cases is given by the dates which are not a part of the court case. The activities of the taxpayer were not enquired factually or there was a disagreement about the accounting or issues related to the case. The fact of treating the substantially commercial exercise as a mere realisation is well explained here (Aust, 2013). FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR A block of land was purchased by the taxpayer guaranteeing the shareholders. These shareholders were the proprietors of the fishing shacks which was accessible to the nearby beachfront. It was not intended to make profit by selling it. The sub divisional needs included road construction as well as installing sewers as well as other services needed. The scale and capture is not different from that occurring in the Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd. Case. There was success in changing the mind of the firm for changing the purpose as well as the ownership and it reflected the associations and the articles. There is a doubt in this case as to the gains resulting from developing the subdivision as well as selling the land which is taxable and it has not been for the change in the ownership. There is a distinction between the net profits and the gross receipts and it has not risen according to the legislation of the United Kingdom or under the gains which was based on the tax systems but is essential in the Australian context as once the gross income is brought into the account. A statutory provision was pointed by the taxpayer relating to deductions allowable if the income which is accessible is unequal to the taxable income. The final court case in the Whitfords Beach Case was not addressed as it was on common grounds between parties including in the accessible income the taxpayer sold the material though the Gibbs CJ in the High Court said contrary to this. No detachment was there relevant from the other which established an apportionment to certain blocks which the best process involving the averaging was sold. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In order to make sure of assistance provided in determining the activities are of adventure or business or a nature concern of making a profit undertaking a scheme. Additional land is obtained to be added to the original parcel of the land. For the subdivision of land a rational strategy is required. The business company like the manager, letterhead or an office is required. In order to obtain subdivision, a borrowed fund is financed. In order to settle the sub-divisional costs an interest of money was borrowed and claimed as a business expense. The land required to be developed beyond the essential for securing the approval for subdivision. The building had also erected on the land. Examining the facts and the circumstances with respect to a particular case is essential. It needs a consideration of these factors and other factors which are relevant to be weighed as part of the process to reach the conclusion. Single factors will not determine the combination of the factors leading to the conclusion as the character of the activities. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 There are many factors in the Casimaty cases for making sure that assistance is provided for determining the activities are an adventure or business or a nature concern of making profit or scheme. The factors include changing the purpose of holding the land. Additional land is got from the original parcel of land. As an asset to business, the parcel of land is brought. A logical plan for the subdivision of land is required. There has been a business company like the letterhead, the office and the manager. The borrowed funds are financed by gaining the subdivision. The interest on the money borrowed for paying the sub-divisional cost was claiming as an expense of the business. A level for developing the land is beyond which is needed for securing the approval of the council for the subdivision. Mona Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 According to Mona Sand, land was bought for working on the sand on the land. When the land became ripe it was resumed for $500,000. The consequent gain was held by The Federal Court and was taxable under both 26(a) and 25(1) in spite of subdivisions and the resale which is leading purpose to underline the purchase. The rejection of the requirements for leading purpose to make gains by resale for the operation of the first limb of 26(a) no rationale was there in order to exclude such a requirement from 25(1) was preferred. The Court was assuming that it was not required. Thus whilst Mona Sand supported the stance of the Commissioner, it never provided a strong authority for the proposition. Cooling is a taxable nature to a lease incentive payment for procuring Inter Ella a solicitor of a company into a ten years lease agreement respecting to flooring of the building. For occupying the grounds, it is not the sole reason acquiring a commercial profit through leasing incentive was not a purpose which was significant. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 Various properties were brought under the Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 and there was the subdivision of the sale of the parcel of land which involved in the transaction systematic and repetitive and there were characteristics of continuing business of developing the land. The court was satisfied about the taxpayer which was sold and bought the land for profit purpose. The activities of the taxpayer is answered properly the description to carry on the business of developing the land and the profits thereof constitute the income in accordance to the ordinary concepts. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The taxpayer bought land on which there was an old building. The building was removed and three townhouses were constructed on the land. The townhouses were advertised for sale before the completion, however this was not successful. Subsequently, the taxpayers moved into two different townhouses and lived there for approximately one year art which time they were sold which resulted in a total net profit of approximately $150,000. A few years later, the taxpayer s bought a second block of land where they constructed units and then sold them. The Commissioner contended that the profits from the sale of the townhouses were assessable ordinarily as they resulted from a commercial profit making activity. The taxpayer argued that the sale of the townhouses was the mere realisation of a capital asset and therefore not ordinary income on the basis of the townhouses were used as residences and only sold because of difficulties in finance (Chetty, Looney and Kroft, 2009). The court held that t he sale of the townhouses was the ordinary income because the land was obtained for commercial purpose and a view in obtaining the profit from the sale. The purchase of the land and the townhouses was not for investment purpose and therefore not the realisation of a capital asset. Although the taxpayer lived in the properties of the land for a period of time the dominant purpose of the arrangement was the sale of the redeveloped property at a profit. References Aust, A., (2013). Modern treaty law and practice. Cambridge University Press. Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N., (2010). Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., (2013). Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Burman, L.E., (2010). The labyrinth of capital gains tax policy: A guide for the perplexed. Brookings Institution Press. Callison, J.W. and Sullivan, M.A., (2012). Partnership Law and Practice: General and Limited Partnerships. West. Carbone, D., (2010). An extraordinary concept of ordinary income? The significance of FCT v Montgomery on what is income according to ordinary concepts. Revenue Law Journal, 20(1), p.1. Chetty, R., Looney, A. and Kroft, K., (2009). Salience and taxation: Theory and evidence. The economic review, 99(4), pp.1145-1177. Duncan, W.D., (2012). Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press. Hanegbi, R. and Obst, W., (2015). Small-Scale Property Development: GST Implications. Adel. L. Rev., 36, p.483. Manyam, J., (2010). Taxation of gains from banking and insurance businesses in New Zealand. McGee, R.W. ed., (2011). The ethics of tax evasion: Perspectives in theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Grewcock, M., (2011). Punishment, deportation and parole: The detention and removal of former prisoners under section 501 Migration Act 1958. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(1), pp.56-73. Thompson, S. and Maginn, P., (2012). Planning Australia: an overview of urban and regional planning. Cambridge University Press.

The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies

Crime and gangster movies always exhibit a correlation in sense that they are both developed from the sinister actions that are always associated with gangsters. A gangster is a broad term that is used to generally used to refer to those people who do not operate within the boundaries of the law; for instance bank robbers, drug traffickers, underworld figures, outlaw hoodlums who are involved in constant killing of the innocent and many more.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The gangster movies always tend to idolize the gangster figures with a relation to the sinister activities that always define crime and the lifestyles of the gangsters (Dirks par.1). It cannot be argued yet, but the crime culture can be attributed to the rapid revolution of the crime and gangster movies since they were first produced. The theme behind almost all gangster m ovies is always the same although the crime genre has seen a tremendous transformation over the years. Gangster films often tend to highlight the life events of a crime figure or the victims of crime and in most cases they attempt to glorify a given criminal figure or gang in the cast (Dirks par. 2). The idolized gangster in the film or in real life situation is always presented as an outlaw hero who draws admiration due to his toughness to go against the system, and in some cases the criminal figure is portrayed as villain to the society. Almost all gangster films have the same plot and theme characteristic; the film gangsters are always presented as being materialistic, and tough to outdo the legal system and procedures. The plot characteristic is always based on criminal or gang rivalries that attempt to outdo each other. Crime culture and gangster films have been around since the onset of the 20th century. Among the first movies under this genre was the film by D. W. Griffith du ring 1912: The Musketeers of Pig, The movie was basically about organized crime. It marked history as the first significant gangster movie that has survived against the tales of time. Other examples of early criminal movies included The Moonshiners which was produced during 1904, A desperate encounter between the Burglars and police (1905) produced by Edwin Potter and Mc Cutcheon Wallace, and the Black Hand (1906) by the same producers. Their availability and significance was very problematic at the times and resulted to them not being a major hit at the box office during those times. The early gangster films made use of rebellious figure as the main center point of the film to challenge the system and the business ethics, through which the gangsters made a successful career illegally. This meant that gangsters were respectable in the society irrespective of the unethical means of wealth acquisition (Dirks par. 5)Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During 1915, the gangster movie genre witnessed a different transformation; one characterized by street violence. This was evident in the movie the regeneration (1915); it depicted violence on the streets of New York due to a boy who was subject to social changes before becoming a gangster. Still under the same generation, there were gangster movies that were produced such as the underworld; which is considered to be the first modern gangster movie. The movie had the various elements of crime and its production was basically from a gangster’s point of view. It marked history as the first gangster movie that won an Oscar award under the category of original screen play. The dawn of the 30’s presented again a major shift in the history of gangster movies; it is commonly referred to as the era of the talking pictures. It was then that the gangster movies began to become entertaining and majority of the au dience reported liking the violence on screen. The gangster movies of the thirties were actually based on criminal occurrences and the existence of actual gangsters rather than myths as depicted by the first gangster films. This was the dawn for the criminal culture and so was the rise in popularity of gangster films (Horsley par. 3). One of the key factors that made crime genre in film industry more interesting was due to the fact that the American gangster was portrayed differently and as a result, the cinema audience got much more satisfaction in terms gangster violence and violence against the gangster himself. This made the audiences be of the view that criminal culture and rebellion was primarily due to the repressive social change in the United States. The outcome was that movie producers exploited this mythology to produce more gangster movies that could appeal to the audiences. The sound era can be attributed for the rise of gangster movies as more sound effects could be in corporated to the films to make movie appealing to the audience. One such movie that incorporated all the video and audio elements was the City streets which were shot during 1931 by Dashiell Hammett. Warner Bros. Studio was one of best known studios for the production of gangster films during the times. Some of the famous movie stars in the genre of crime and gangster films included: Edward Robinson, James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart. Early gangster movie stars included Raft George and Muni Paul.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The three great gangster movies that were produced during the thirties are: the little Caesar which starred Edward Robinson and was produced Mervin Lerroy in 1930; the public enemy which featured James Cagney as a brutal outlaw gangster: the Scarface, which featured Paul Muni and was shot in 1932. This films depicted gangsters as being too brutal and specially, the Scarface: the shame of a nation (1932). The Scarface was one of the greatest gangster movies of the times. The gangsters in the movie were portrayed ill-mannered criminals who did not understand the gravity of their acts. The Scarface was based on the actual criminal figures and the criminal events of the thirties; Tony Camonte was portraying the infamous criminal Al Capone, Johnny Lovo portrayed resemblance to the infamous Johnny Torrio. The Scarface is one of the most brutal, potent and violent gangster movies ever to be produced. The movie narrates the rise and fall of an infamous gangster figure; the movie laid a framework for the release more violent and brutal gangster movies by Warner Bros. The movies provided a depiction of the trends of gangster culture and as a result it was banned in majority of states which resulted to it performing poorly in the box office. This kind of portrayal of gangsters was subject to criticism in t erms of content of the films (Dirks Part 2 par. 12). The thirties marked the end of glorifying the gangster’s criminal culture and indeed focused on approval of ruthless fights against the gangster way of life. This led to the rise f the censorship codes in order to counter balance the effects of the gangster movies on the society through the enhancement of violent crime that gangster films always depicted. The struggles in content and release of gangster movies son led to the birth of gangster as cop subgenre under the crime genre. The movies under this sub genre attempted to portray the good side of the gangsters whereby they were part of law enforcement bodies such as the FBI to help fight criminal activities. A perfect example of a gangster movie under this category is the G- men, which featured James Cagney as an undercover FBI agent, although he played the same gangster behaviors while carrying out his regular duties. Other movies in this sub genre included: the bullet of Ballots (1936), the Amazing Dr. Citterhouse (1938), I am the law and the T-men (1947).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The developments in the gangster genre also incorporated the prison sub genre; which primarily revolved around the prison crime activities. They portrayed the prison as an avenue for giving birth to gangsters through transformation of innocent victims to highly feared criminal figures. The prison movies also portrayed the various ways of prison evasion, attempted ways to escape from the prison and in some cases the imprisoned victims wanted to prove their innocence (Dirks part 2 par.1). Examples of the gangster films under this sub genre included the defiant ones (1958), the birdman of Alcatraz (1962) among many more. Another shift in the gangster movies was through the organized crime gangster movies of the 1950’s. these films portrayed gangster attitude with a correlation between the organized crimes taking over which was characterized by tense action, immoral and corrupt gangsters who viewed the society as a sick lot and presented an opportunity for them to conduct their b usinesses. They depicted the gangsters as more of businessmen who were out to enrich themselves through illegal activities rather than rampant killings and the gang wars that were a common characteristic of the earlier gangsters. Some of gangster movies under this classification include the God father series (I, II and III). The Godfather I (1972) and The Godfather II were the most celebrated of the trilogy. The Godfather sequel is rated r for its graphical content and language and was credited with three Oscar awards. The Part II won seven Oscars while the third sequel did not win any Oscars. The Godfather sequels presented an epitome of violence, honor, corruption and power associated with criminal culture in the United States (Dirks, par. 8). The epic film depicts the history of a mafia family over a span of 10 years. The family’s dominance is threatened by the rise of a new trend in crime by then: illegal drug business. The movie narrates the rise and the downfall of the family through family loyalties and vengeful bloody scenes. The movie recorded over 53 deaths in its screen play; given that figure, the movie was rated s ultraviolent. These phenomena laid framework for the modern day gangster and gangster movies; associating gangsters with business through involvement with top notch lawyers, government officials and well known business men. The gangster movies of the 1970s were basically based on the same plot characteristics of the gangster movies of the 1930s; which entailed ruthless gun killings and other violent criminal activities. Another movie of the seventies with the same plot was the getaway (1972) which was from the directors of the famous gangster movie the Italian job (1967). The 80s depicted a completely different genre of the crime films; one characterized by serial killers who were out on a killing spree for the sake of their own purposes. Serial killer movies drew an inspiration from the real life events of serial killers that exi sted. One such movie was the sequels of the man hunter (1986) that was directed by Michael Mann (Dirks part 2 par 13). The gangster movies of the 90s depicted different approach whereby they were based on the poor social settings that depicted poverty and as a result the involvement of crime and the crime culture. Examples of such movies are the Natural Born Killers (1994) and set it off (1996) that was directed by Gary Gray. Conclusion The criminal culture has seen a tremendous revolution, from the early portrayal of ultraviolent gangsters to the modern day business minded gangsters. The future of gangster movie will revolutionize how a gangster is to the society, from the ultra violent individual to the top notch corporate who attempts to practice decency while undertaking his daily gangster duties. Works Cited Dirks, Tim. Crime and Gangster Films. 2009. 7 January 2010 https://www.filmsite.org/crimefilms2.html. Horsely, Lee. Introduction to the Gangster Films of the 1930s. 2002. W eb. This essay on The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies was written and submitted by user Artur0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.