Ruthenium or Ru Element Facts

Ruthenium or Ru is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal that also belongs to the noble metals and platinum metals group in the periodic table. While it does not readily tarnish, the pure element can form a reactive oxide that can explode. Here are physical and chemical properties and other ruthenium facts: Element Name: Ruthenium Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Weight: 101.07 Uses of Ruthenium Ruthenium is one of the best hardeners for addition to palladium or platinum. It is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts with extreme wear resistance.Ruthenium is used to plate other metals. Thermal decomposition or electrodeposition are the most common metals used to make ruthenium coatings.One ruthenium-molybdenum alloy is superconductive at 10.6 K.Adding 0.1% ruthenium to titanium improves its corrosion resistance by a factor of a hundred.Ruthenium oxides are versatile catalysts.Ruthenium is used in some pen nibs. (Dont chew on your pen!) Interesting Ruthenium Facts Ruthenium was the last of the platinum group metals to be discovered.The element name comes from the Latin word  Ã¢â‚¬ËœRuthenia’. Ruthenia means Russia, which refers to the Ural Mountains of Russia, the original source of the platinum metal group ores.Ruthenium compounds are similar to those formed by the element cadmium. Like cadmium, ruthenium is toxic to humans. It is believed to be a carcinogen. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)  is considered particularly dangerous.Ruthenium compounds stain or discolor skin.Ruthenium is the only group 8 element that does not have 2 electrons in its outer shell.The pure element is susceptible to attack by halogens and hydroxides. It is not affected by acids, water, or air.Karl K. Klaus was the first to isolate ruthenium as a pure element. This was an involved process in which he first prepared the salt,  ammonium chlororuthenate, (NH4)2RuCl6, and then isolated the metal from it in order to characterize it.Ruthenium displays a wide range of oxidation states (7 or 8), although it is most commonly found in the II, III, and IV states.Pure ruthenium costs around $1400 per 100 grams of the metal.The element abundance in the Earths crust is estimated to be 1 part per billion by weight. The abundance in the solar system is believed to be about 5 parts per billion by weight. Sources of Ruthenium Ruthenium occurs with other members of the platinum group of metals in the Ural mountains and in North and South America. It is also found in the Sudbury, Ontario nickel-mining region and in the pyroxenite deposits of South Africa. Ruthenium may also be extracted from radioactive waste. A complex process is used to isolate ruthenium. The final step is hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride to yields a powder that is consolidated by powder metallurgy or argon-arc welding. Element Classification: Transition Metal Discovery: Karl Klaus 1844 (Russia),  however, Jà ¶ns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann  discovered impure ruthenium in 1827 or 1828 Density (g/cc): 12.41 Melting Point (K): 2583 Boiling Point (K): 4173 Appearance: silvery-gray, extremely brittle metal Atomic Radius (pm): 134 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 8.3 Covalent Radius (pm): 125 Ionic Radius: 67 (4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.238 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): (25.5) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.2 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 710.3 Oxidation States: 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 0, -2 Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.700 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.584 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Psychology and Points Essay - 599 Words

Answer the questions below. When you are finished, turn in your assignment for grading. Use complete sentences and answer each part of the assignment. 1. Write about a time when you have seen someone or some people do things that make no sense to you, or perhaps times when you have been frustrated and thought, That makes no sense at all! (5 points) There have been many times that I have seen people do things that make no sense, and thought â€Å"That makes no sense at all!† One time was when I was at a fast food restaurant with my family and was looking around. Something on the floor caught my attention. The tiles that were on the floor. They had a pattern on them and as each tile went the pattern stayed flawless,†¦show more content†¦(2 points) Cognitive- Behavioral Cognitive- Behavioral psychology is the study of how a person thinks and acts affects their feelings, emotions, personality, and actions. This may not be the best fit choice but it is the one I think that fits best right now. What influence do parents have over who their children become? (2 points) Developmental Developmental psychology is the study of how the mix of child’s genes and upbringing affect their feelings, emotions, personality, and actions. How can we combat racism and conflicts between different races and cultures? (2 points) Social Social psychology is the study of how relationships between people and groups affect feelings, emotions, and reactions toward one another. 3. Write a question you have about human behavior that is interesting to you. Write your question. (3 points) What is mankind’s biggest weakness? Why are you interested in this question? (3 points) When studied as a whole group, what is the world’s biggest weakness? Think about the definition of psychology. How is your question related to this definition — that is, what is it about your question that makes it one psychology can address? (3 points) The mass study of how our behaviors create a general weakness. Which branch (or branches) within psychology are most closely related to your question? (3 points) Behavioral Do you think there can be an answer to yourShow MoreRelated11381 Words   |  5 PagesIt? Journal Psychology (S2958282) Faith Eke Points possible:  30 Date: ____________ Answer the questions below. When you are finished, turn in your assignment for grading. Use complete sentences and answer each part of the assignment. 1. Think of a time in your life when someone you know was having difficulty. Using that example, choose the statement from the list below that seems most true. Then, for the statement you choose, write which perspective or branch from psychology (humanistic, positiveRead MoreTesting The Limits Of Sense And Science930 Words   |  4 Pagespseudoscientific ideas of psychology such as spiritualism in which to support the scientific and experimental boundaries of the discipline of psychology. 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Sadd discusses the currentRead MoreThe Need For Total Elimination Is Unjustified1122 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Churchland argues for the total elimination as opposed to smooth reduction of folk psychology with materialistic sciences to replace it in â€Å"Eliminative Materialism and The Propositional Attitudes,† on grounds that folk psychology is a theory that is primarily flawed due to a severe lack of explanatory power. Additionally has a bad historical trend of retreat and lack of progress, and does not fit well with prominent physical sciences. I will explain his argument in this paper, evaluate it forRead MoreGraduate Programs Comparison1324 Words   |  6 PagesChoose three graduate programs that you are interested in researching. For each program, answer the following questions. School 1: University of California, Los Angeles Graduate Program Name: Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology 1 List the admission requirements for graduate studies in psychology. Universitys minimum requirements: i. 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It is theRead MoreIntroduction to Cross u2013 Cultural Psychology 2 Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesCross – Cultural Psychology Josie Quezada PSY/ 450 Instructor: Desiree’ Deshay January 29, 2015 Psychology has many different branches that concentrate on different areas; one of the branches that focus on how cultural influences human behavior is cross – cultural psychology. Cross – Cultural psychology helps an individual understand the behavior, emotions, and the ability of connecting with different people from different cultures. It is not only an effective branch in psychology but also it helpsRead MoreGeslalt Psychology1501 Words   |  7 PagesGestalt psychology means unified whole. Gestalt psychology does not look at things as individual elements but as a whole. The three main founders who established the school of gestalt psychology were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka as well as Wolfgang Kohler. The foundations of the Gestalt psychology are perception, memory and learning. Some of the principles of Gestalt psychology are isomorphism, productive thinking as well as reproductive thinking which will be elaborated in this essay. One of theRead MoreThe New Psych ology Field Of Positive Psychology928 Words   |  4 PagesThe new Psychology field of Positive Psychology promotes a â€Å"flourishing† life dedicated to individuals looking to expand the pleasant, engagement and meaning in their life. Many Positive Psychologist use Gratitude Practice as a method of therapy to aid individuals with a wealth of positive constructs. Before looking into Gratitude Practice it is important to begin the research by taking a look at what Positive psychology is. Positive Psychology is a newer field in Psychology focused on the study

Taxation - Theory - Practice and Law Modern Treaty Law

Question: Describe about the Taxation, Theory, Practice and Law for Modern Treaty Law. Answer: Case Study 1: Residence and Source Requirements As per the Case Study, Fred is a temporary resident of Australia who is a sub-category of resident and special rules apply to these residents. Basically, somebody who holds a temporary visa like a working holiday visa or the visa of an employer sponsored from abroad are defined as temporary residents. As per the Case Study, Fred comes to Australia who is a British corporation in the management consultancy and he wants to set up a branch there. For 12 months, he leased out a resident in Melbourne. He was accompanied by his wife though his sons do not accompany him because of their college. The behaviour of Fred in Australia was similar to that of the United Kingdom. Fred has rented out a family home but he has to ignore his foreign rent because he holds a temporary resident visa. Fred also earns his interest from his investments which he has in the France. Fred returns to the UK after 11 months after he arrived in the Australia. There are many other issues that a temporary resident has to consider. Temporary residents are subjected to capital gains tax (CGT) rules for the foreign residents. There are certain rules where the capital gains tax is a share or right which are obtained under the employee share scheme or have been a temporary resident. It means that a temporary resident is subjected to capital gains tax on Capital gains tax events happening to the taxable Australian property (McGee, 2011). The Migration Act 1958 states that a person holding a temporary visa is called a temporary resident. (Grewcock, 2011). According to the Social Security Act 1991, they are not temporary residents. (Thompson and Maginn, 2012). Fred is a temporary resident and is subjected to capitals gains tax in Australia on asset which are taxable Australian property. Fred ceases to be a temporary resident and so he will be subjected to the tax in Australia on his capital gains and worldwide income. Any capital losses or capital gains Fred has made in respect to the assets held in the United Kingdom will become a Subject to the capital gains tax in Australia and the cost base for the assets will be set in accordance to the market value of the assets (Burman, 2010). Fred will receive a credit in the foreign tax for any tax paid in the United Kingdom on the gains. When Fred departed Australia, he is able to cash in his superannuation balance. There are also additional sections of the tax returns that require to be completed in a year that Fred becomes a temporary resident and that year Fred would have to cease being a temporary resident. Lodgement obligations must be met and tax refund has to be made sure because Fred is entitled to a refund in the tax. Fred may also be exempt from paying the Medicare levy, which is 1.5% tax on Australian income. Case Study 2: Ordinary Income Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Tax) (1904) 5 TC 159 The principle guiding the court decisions in this congested are of taxation law of Australia and the Lord Justice Clerk articulated this in the Californian Copper Syndicate Limited v Harris. This is the case within New Zealand. The Income Tax was assessed with questions and this is a principle settled well. The owner who has an ordinary investment gets a greater price after choosing to realize the Income Tax. The values are enhanced and there was a profit for the accessibility to the Income Tax. It enhanced the values acquired from the conversation or the realization of the securities measuring where it is done is not the investment change but the act done carrying in and out of the business. The association of the person buying and selling of the securities or the land hypothetically in order to deal with such investment is because the business seeks to make gains. There is difficulty in defining the two classes of the cases and each case is considered in accordance with the facts, the sum of the profits which are mere enhancement in the value by the realisation of the security or the profit made in the business operations to carry out a scheme in order to make gains. A Delphic significance is given to the Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris for the oft citation of the truism. But there furnishes no criterion for the determination of such questions which is before the court in this case. The income is the business production. But it depends on the nature of the business and the relationship of the source which is profited by the business. Everything which the taxpayer gets is not necessarily the income. A significant aspect of the decision was the business activities of the taxpayer who served as the auditor of the company Rangatira Limited. The taxpayers capital funds was maintained by the directors policy and made sure that the dividend yield was that of the regular income stream. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 In this case, when the law changed it represented the high water mark for non accessible receipts. In order to obtain the coal assets incorporation was done by the taxpayer in the New South Wales from a related company. The taxpayer has not been carrying out mining in any of these lands though it may be for a short period. In the past history, this land In the Newcastle area, there was further land where the coal was mined until it got exhausted. In a large way the land in the sub-division was sold by the firm. In the previous years, there were minor sales. There was forty five acres of land which was set aside for the Lambton town for the production of homes for miners. Roads called Russel Road was built in the subdivision where there was twenty four acres of land. The appellant commenced for pushing the sale of the land and gained expenditure in sub dining in order to make the land look attractive to the buyers. Railway stations as well as roads for 5,000 were constructed and publi c institutions received land like churches and schools there were land for the parks as well (Duncan, 2012). Newcastle Hospital bought a large area of land. In order to hold the gain, there were a number of statements of principles from decided cases requiring qualification. . Weights should not be attached to any circumstances that every year there had been large sales. Parts of the estate should be laid out with the sewers and the roads sold it in building lots and it is done for the owner. The Hudsons Bay will not apply to Scottish Australian Mining as there has to be a nature to purchase the land which merely turns property into money. It took two days to hear the Scottish Australian Mining Case as showed by the Commonwealth Law Report and the judgement was determined at the first instance. The information about the extended hearing of the cases is given by the dates which are not a part of the court case. The activities of the taxpayer were not enquired factually or there was a disagreement about the accounting or issues related to the case. The fact of treating the substantially commercial exercise as a mere realisation is well explained here (Aust, 2013). FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR A block of land was purchased by the taxpayer guaranteeing the shareholders. These shareholders were the proprietors of the fishing shacks which was accessible to the nearby beachfront. It was not intended to make profit by selling it. The sub divisional needs included road construction as well as installing sewers as well as other services needed. The scale and capture is not different from that occurring in the Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd. Case. There was success in changing the mind of the firm for changing the purpose as well as the ownership and it reflected the associations and the articles. There is a doubt in this case as to the gains resulting from developing the subdivision as well as selling the land which is taxable and it has not been for the change in the ownership. There is a distinction between the net profits and the gross receipts and it has not risen according to the legislation of the United Kingdom or under the gains which was based on the tax systems but is essential in the Australian context as once the gross income is brought into the account. A statutory provision was pointed by the taxpayer relating to deductions allowable if the income which is accessible is unequal to the taxable income. The final court case in the Whitfords Beach Case was not addressed as it was on common grounds between parties including in the accessible income the taxpayer sold the material though the Gibbs CJ in the High Court said contrary to this. No detachment was there relevant from the other which established an apportionment to certain blocks which the best process involving the averaging was sold. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In order to make sure of assistance provided in determining the activities are of adventure or business or a nature concern of making a profit undertaking a scheme. Additional land is obtained to be added to the original parcel of the land. For the subdivision of land a rational strategy is required. The business company like the manager, letterhead or an office is required. In order to obtain subdivision, a borrowed fund is financed. In order to settle the sub-divisional costs an interest of money was borrowed and claimed as a business expense. The land required to be developed beyond the essential for securing the approval for subdivision. The building had also erected on the land. Examining the facts and the circumstances with respect to a particular case is essential. It needs a consideration of these factors and other factors which are relevant to be weighed as part of the process to reach the conclusion. Single factors will not determine the combination of the factors leading to the conclusion as the character of the activities. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 There are many factors in the Casimaty cases for making sure that assistance is provided for determining the activities are an adventure or business or a nature concern of making profit or scheme. The factors include changing the purpose of holding the land. Additional land is got from the original parcel of land. As an asset to business, the parcel of land is brought. A logical plan for the subdivision of land is required. There has been a business company like the letterhead, the office and the manager. The borrowed funds are financed by gaining the subdivision. The interest on the money borrowed for paying the sub-divisional cost was claiming as an expense of the business. A level for developing the land is beyond which is needed for securing the approval of the council for the subdivision. Mona Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 According to Mona Sand, land was bought for working on the sand on the land. When the land became ripe it was resumed for $500,000. The consequent gain was held by The Federal Court and was taxable under both 26(a) and 25(1) in spite of subdivisions and the resale which is leading purpose to underline the purchase. The rejection of the requirements for leading purpose to make gains by resale for the operation of the first limb of 26(a) no rationale was there in order to exclude such a requirement from 25(1) was preferred. The Court was assuming that it was not required. Thus whilst Mona Sand supported the stance of the Commissioner, it never provided a strong authority for the proposition. Cooling is a taxable nature to a lease incentive payment for procuring Inter Ella a solicitor of a company into a ten years lease agreement respecting to flooring of the building. For occupying the grounds, it is not the sole reason acquiring a commercial profit through leasing incentive was not a purpose which was significant. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 Various properties were brought under the Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 and there was the subdivision of the sale of the parcel of land which involved in the transaction systematic and repetitive and there were characteristics of continuing business of developing the land. The court was satisfied about the taxpayer which was sold and bought the land for profit purpose. The activities of the taxpayer is answered properly the description to carry on the business of developing the land and the profits thereof constitute the income in accordance to the ordinary concepts. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 The taxpayer bought land on which there was an old building. The building was removed and three townhouses were constructed on the land. The townhouses were advertised for sale before the completion, however this was not successful. Subsequently, the taxpayers moved into two different townhouses and lived there for approximately one year art which time they were sold which resulted in a total net profit of approximately $150,000. A few years later, the taxpayer s bought a second block of land where they constructed units and then sold them. The Commissioner contended that the profits from the sale of the townhouses were assessable ordinarily as they resulted from a commercial profit making activity. The taxpayer argued that the sale of the townhouses was the mere realisation of a capital asset and therefore not ordinary income on the basis of the townhouses were used as residences and only sold because of difficulties in finance (Chetty, Looney and Kroft, 2009). The court held that t he sale of the townhouses was the ordinary income because the land was obtained for commercial purpose and a view in obtaining the profit from the sale. The purchase of the land and the townhouses was not for investment purpose and therefore not the realisation of a capital asset. Although the taxpayer lived in the properties of the land for a period of time the dominant purpose of the arrangement was the sale of the redeveloped property at a profit. References Aust, A., (2013). Modern treaty law and practice. Cambridge University Press. Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N., (2010). Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., (2013). Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Burman, L.E., (2010). The labyrinth of capital gains tax policy: A guide for the perplexed. Brookings Institution Press. Callison, J.W. and Sullivan, M.A., (2012). Partnership Law and Practice: General and Limited Partnerships. West. Carbone, D., (2010). An extraordinary concept of ordinary income? The significance of FCT v Montgomery on what is income according to ordinary concepts. Revenue Law Journal, 20(1), p.1. Chetty, R., Looney, A. and Kroft, K., (2009). Salience and taxation: Theory and evidence. The economic review, 99(4), pp.1145-1177. Duncan, W.D., (2012). Joint ventures law in Australia. Federation Press. Hanegbi, R. and Obst, W., (2015). Small-Scale Property Development: GST Implications. Adel. L. Rev., 36, p.483. Manyam, J., (2010). Taxation of gains from banking and insurance businesses in New Zealand. McGee, R.W. ed., (2011). The ethics of tax evasion: Perspectives in theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Grewcock, M., (2011). Punishment, deportation and parole: The detention and removal of former prisoners under section 501 Migration Act 1958. Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(1), pp.56-73. Thompson, S. and Maginn, P., (2012). Planning Australia: an overview of urban and regional planning. Cambridge University Press.

The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies

Crime and gangster movies always exhibit a correlation in sense that they are both developed from the sinister actions that are always associated with gangsters. A gangster is a broad term that is used to generally used to refer to those people who do not operate within the boundaries of the law; for instance bank robbers, drug traffickers, underworld figures, outlaw hoodlums who are involved in constant killing of the innocent and many more.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The gangster movies always tend to idolize the gangster figures with a relation to the sinister activities that always define crime and the lifestyles of the gangsters (Dirks par.1). It cannot be argued yet, but the crime culture can be attributed to the rapid revolution of the crime and gangster movies since they were first produced. The theme behind almost all gangster m ovies is always the same although the crime genre has seen a tremendous transformation over the years. Gangster films often tend to highlight the life events of a crime figure or the victims of crime and in most cases they attempt to glorify a given criminal figure or gang in the cast (Dirks par. 2). The idolized gangster in the film or in real life situation is always presented as an outlaw hero who draws admiration due to his toughness to go against the system, and in some cases the criminal figure is portrayed as villain to the society. Almost all gangster films have the same plot and theme characteristic; the film gangsters are always presented as being materialistic, and tough to outdo the legal system and procedures. The plot characteristic is always based on criminal or gang rivalries that attempt to outdo each other. Crime culture and gangster films have been around since the onset of the 20th century. Among the first movies under this genre was the film by D. W. Griffith du ring 1912: The Musketeers of Pig, The movie was basically about organized crime. It marked history as the first significant gangster movie that has survived against the tales of time. Other examples of early criminal movies included The Moonshiners which was produced during 1904, A desperate encounter between the Burglars and police (1905) produced by Edwin Potter and Mc Cutcheon Wallace, and the Black Hand (1906) by the same producers. Their availability and significance was very problematic at the times and resulted to them not being a major hit at the box office during those times. The early gangster films made use of rebellious figure as the main center point of the film to challenge the system and the business ethics, through which the gangsters made a successful career illegally. This meant that gangsters were respectable in the society irrespective of the unethical means of wealth acquisition (Dirks par. 5)Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During 1915, the gangster movie genre witnessed a different transformation; one characterized by street violence. This was evident in the movie the regeneration (1915); it depicted violence on the streets of New York due to a boy who was subject to social changes before becoming a gangster. Still under the same generation, there were gangster movies that were produced such as the underworld; which is considered to be the first modern gangster movie. The movie had the various elements of crime and its production was basically from a gangster’s point of view. It marked history as the first gangster movie that won an Oscar award under the category of original screen play. The dawn of the 30’s presented again a major shift in the history of gangster movies; it is commonly referred to as the era of the talking pictures. It was then that the gangster movies began to become entertaining and majority of the au dience reported liking the violence on screen. The gangster movies of the thirties were actually based on criminal occurrences and the existence of actual gangsters rather than myths as depicted by the first gangster films. This was the dawn for the criminal culture and so was the rise in popularity of gangster films (Horsley par. 3). One of the key factors that made crime genre in film industry more interesting was due to the fact that the American gangster was portrayed differently and as a result, the cinema audience got much more satisfaction in terms gangster violence and violence against the gangster himself. This made the audiences be of the view that criminal culture and rebellion was primarily due to the repressive social change in the United States. The outcome was that movie producers exploited this mythology to produce more gangster movies that could appeal to the audiences. The sound era can be attributed for the rise of gangster movies as more sound effects could be in corporated to the films to make movie appealing to the audience. One such movie that incorporated all the video and audio elements was the City streets which were shot during 1931 by Dashiell Hammett. Warner Bros. Studio was one of best known studios for the production of gangster films during the times. Some of the famous movie stars in the genre of crime and gangster films included: Edward Robinson, James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart. Early gangster movie stars included Raft George and Muni Paul.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The three great gangster movies that were produced during the thirties are: the little Caesar which starred Edward Robinson and was produced Mervin Lerroy in 1930; the public enemy which featured James Cagney as a brutal outlaw gangster: the Scarface, which featured Paul Muni and was shot in 1932. This films depicted gangsters as being too brutal and specially, the Scarface: the shame of a nation (1932). The Scarface was one of the greatest gangster movies of the times. The gangsters in the movie were portrayed ill-mannered criminals who did not understand the gravity of their acts. The Scarface was based on the actual criminal figures and the criminal events of the thirties; Tony Camonte was portraying the infamous criminal Al Capone, Johnny Lovo portrayed resemblance to the infamous Johnny Torrio. The Scarface is one of the most brutal, potent and violent gangster movies ever to be produced. The movie narrates the rise and fall of an infamous gangster figure; the movie laid a framework for the release more violent and brutal gangster movies by Warner Bros. The movies provided a depiction of the trends of gangster culture and as a result it was banned in majority of states which resulted to it performing poorly in the box office. This kind of portrayal of gangsters was subject to criticism in t erms of content of the films (Dirks Part 2 par. 12). The thirties marked the end of glorifying the gangster’s criminal culture and indeed focused on approval of ruthless fights against the gangster way of life. This led to the rise f the censorship codes in order to counter balance the effects of the gangster movies on the society through the enhancement of violent crime that gangster films always depicted. The struggles in content and release of gangster movies son led to the birth of gangster as cop subgenre under the crime genre. The movies under this sub genre attempted to portray the good side of the gangsters whereby they were part of law enforcement bodies such as the FBI to help fight criminal activities. A perfect example of a gangster movie under this category is the G- men, which featured James Cagney as an undercover FBI agent, although he played the same gangster behaviors while carrying out his regular duties. Other movies in this sub genre included: the bullet of Ballots (1936), the Amazing Dr. Citterhouse (1938), I am the law and the T-men (1947).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The developments in the gangster genre also incorporated the prison sub genre; which primarily revolved around the prison crime activities. They portrayed the prison as an avenue for giving birth to gangsters through transformation of innocent victims to highly feared criminal figures. The prison movies also portrayed the various ways of prison evasion, attempted ways to escape from the prison and in some cases the imprisoned victims wanted to prove their innocence (Dirks part 2 par.1). Examples of the gangster films under this sub genre included the defiant ones (1958), the birdman of Alcatraz (1962) among many more. Another shift in the gangster movies was through the organized crime gangster movies of the 1950’s. these films portrayed gangster attitude with a correlation between the organized crimes taking over which was characterized by tense action, immoral and corrupt gangsters who viewed the society as a sick lot and presented an opportunity for them to conduct their b usinesses. They depicted the gangsters as more of businessmen who were out to enrich themselves through illegal activities rather than rampant killings and the gang wars that were a common characteristic of the earlier gangsters. Some of gangster movies under this classification include the God father series (I, II and III). The Godfather I (1972) and The Godfather II were the most celebrated of the trilogy. The Godfather sequel is rated r for its graphical content and language and was credited with three Oscar awards. The Part II won seven Oscars while the third sequel did not win any Oscars. The Godfather sequels presented an epitome of violence, honor, corruption and power associated with criminal culture in the United States (Dirks, par. 8). The epic film depicts the history of a mafia family over a span of 10 years. The family’s dominance is threatened by the rise of a new trend in crime by then: illegal drug business. The movie narrates the rise and the downfall of the family through family loyalties and vengeful bloody scenes. The movie recorded over 53 deaths in its screen play; given that figure, the movie was rated s ultraviolent. These phenomena laid framework for the modern day gangster and gangster movies; associating gangsters with business through involvement with top notch lawyers, government officials and well known business men. The gangster movies of the 1970s were basically based on the same plot characteristics of the gangster movies of the 1930s; which entailed ruthless gun killings and other violent criminal activities. Another movie of the seventies with the same plot was the getaway (1972) which was from the directors of the famous gangster movie the Italian job (1967). The 80s depicted a completely different genre of the crime films; one characterized by serial killers who were out on a killing spree for the sake of their own purposes. Serial killer movies drew an inspiration from the real life events of serial killers that exi sted. One such movie was the sequels of the man hunter (1986) that was directed by Michael Mann (Dirks part 2 par 13). The gangster movies of the 90s depicted different approach whereby they were based on the poor social settings that depicted poverty and as a result the involvement of crime and the crime culture. Examples of such movies are the Natural Born Killers (1994) and set it off (1996) that was directed by Gary Gray. Conclusion The criminal culture has seen a tremendous revolution, from the early portrayal of ultraviolent gangsters to the modern day business minded gangsters. The future of gangster movie will revolutionize how a gangster is to the society, from the ultra violent individual to the top notch corporate who attempts to practice decency while undertaking his daily gangster duties. Works Cited Dirks, Tim. Crime and Gangster Films. 2009. 7 January 2010 https://www.filmsite.org/crimefilms2.html. Horsely, Lee. Introduction to the Gangster Films of the 1930s. 2002. W eb. This essay on The Genre of Crime and Gangster Movies was written and submitted by user Artur0 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Pass Your AP Course Audit

How to Pass Your AP Course Audit SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Need to learn the ins and outs of the AP auditing process? You're in luck. Whether you’re a new teacher or just new to AP, check out this guide to make sure your course is approved! We will explain the auditing process in detail, including how AP courses are reviewed,how to submit your audit, andhow to write an appropriate syllabus. What Is Course Auditing? Why Do You Need It? AP Course auditing is what allows a school to officially give a course the â€Å"AP† label. Having classes with the official AP label is important for your students' transcripts, especially if they are applying toprestigious schools and scholarships. The AP label showscolleges and scholarship committees that your school’s courses have a high level of rigor. That said, a course does not have to carry the official â€Å"AP† label for your school to order the corresponding AP exams. For example, you could teach a course titled just â€Å"United States History† and still order the AP United States Exam for your class at the end of the year. But generally, if you’re teaching a course with the goal of your students taking the AP exam, it’s worth it to go through the audit to get the â€Å"AP† label to improve your students’ transcripts. AP course are auditedonce everyyear, but it’s the most onerous the first time your course is approved. Each year after your first audit you just go through a quick renewal process. During that first audit, you’ll submit a detailed syllabus of your AP course as well as an AP Course Audit form for review. For the rest of this guide, we will go over that first auditing process, explain re-auditing, and finally give some tips for writing your syllabus for the first audit. What Happens During My First Audit? For your first audit, you'll create an online account with the College Board and submit the AP Course Audit form and a copy of your syllabus (more on that process below). Once your form is approved by a Course Audit administrator, your syllabus will be forwarded to an external college faculty reviewer who will approve it. You’ll learn if your course was approved by the College Board within 60 days of submitting your forms. For a course to be authorized, the syllabus has to clearly show that each of the AP course's curricular requirements is included in your class. There are two possible outcomes of the first review: 1. Good news:Your reviewer finds that yoursyllabus meets all requirements, and your class is approved. You'll be notified via email, and then you'll be all done with the auditing process! Good news! 2. Bad news:The reviewer does not think your syllabus meets or exceeds the requirements, and your syllabus is passed on to a senior reviewer. If the senior reviewer agrees, the senior reviewer will send you an email with a rationale as to why your syllabus wasn't approved. You can then revise and resubmit your syllabus based on that feedback. If, after submitting a revised syllabus, the reviewers still don't think your syllabus meets the requirements, the College Board will provide a curriculum adviserto provide additional suggestions for how yoursyllabus should be revised. You will then have a third and final chance to revise and submit the syllabus. If your course isn’t approved on your third try, it won’t be authorized for that year. (Again, your school can still order and administer AP Exams for that subject regardless of the audit outcome.) You can re-submit materials for authorization starting next year. How to Start Your First Audit To start, you'll need tocreate an online AP Course Audit account with College Board. Through this account, you can submit the Course Audit form and your syllabus. The AP Course Audit form is where you list information about the class, your school, your district, and your students. It’s fairly straightforward and shouldn't take more than a few minutes. The syllabus is where you describe your course in detail and explain how it meets AP guidelines. Writing an appropriate syllabus is the most important and time-consuming piece of the auditing process. During the audit, theCollege Board isn’t looking at your background or credentials as a teacher, and it doesn’t require any specific professional development for you to get your course certified – they’re just checking to see if your course aligns with the AP class’s goals. And in case you're worried, the College Board isn’t going to randomly drop in during the year and monitor your actual class – you just need to get the syllabus right! We'll break down how to write an appropriate syllabus below. Re-Auditing Technically, even after your course is approved, you still have to re-audit every year if you want your class to keep the â€Å"AP† title. Fortunately,you don’t have to do much work for re-authorization. After you get your initial approval, you don’t need to resubmit the Course Audit form or a syllabus unless your course changes significantly, the AP course itself changes, or a new teacher is given the class. Beginning every August, Course Audit administrators can renew AP classes for the following year through their online AP Course Audit accounts. If you’re not sure who your school’s Course Audit administrator is, ask the head of your department or someone in your school’s administration. The Course Audit administrator isprobably someone who doesn't mind lots of paperwork. In short, your course should be re-approved without you having to do anything unless you make major changes or switch courses at your school. If a new teacher is assigned to an existing AP class, he or shemustresubmit the Course Audit form and syllabus. However, they can use the old teacher’s syllabus, so the approval process should be pretty quick. Writing Your Syllabus Like we mentioned above, the AP Course Audit is just the submission of a form and your syllabus, sothe syllabus is the main piece of work you have to complete. You can find detailed info about each AP class, including a checklist for the syllabus and example syllabi, right here. Definitely make use of this page as you write your syllabus! This guide will focus on AP English Language, the most popular AP class, but we will go through the general syllabus-writing process that you can use for any AP class. First, take a look at the example syllabi College Board has posted for your class. This will give you a sense of what College Board is looking for in your syllabus. As a guide, College Board has posted four example syllabi for AP English Language: Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 The first thing you'll probably notice in these syllabi is the cover page, which lists all the scoring components for the syllabus and where they are addressed: Source: The College Board Acover page is not required for submitting your syllabus, but using onecan help you keep track of the various requirements you need to meet for your syllabus. If you're overwhelmed by the requirements for your class, using an organizer like this cover page could be incredibly helpful. You can get a sample cover page for every AP class by going to the webpagefor each class, linked above. You will need to write a syllabus that explains your class’s assignments, structure, and reading list so that it fits into the AP guidelines. It’s going to be pretty long – at least 10 pages – so make sure you set aside some quality time to write it. In addition to using the example syllabi on College Board’s website as a guide, you can also reach out to another AP teacher at your school to learn how they approached their syllabus. They might have some tips for writing a College Board-approved syllabus or havemore inside information on the auditing process. If you're worried that you may have a hard time sticking to this incredibly detailed syllabus, don't stress. You’re never held accountable by College Board for sticking to this syllabus, so you don’t have to follow it to the letter. Finally, remember you’re given two additional chances to revise your syllabus if it doesn’t pass the audit the first time. Using the College Board's Self-Evaluation Checklist Afteryou’ve written your syllabus, go through the self-evaluation checklist that the College Board has made for your class. (You can find all AP course checklists at the link above.) Read through theitems on the list and make sure your syllabus addresses each one. In addition to the cover page, reviewingthe checklist should ensure that your syllabus meets all theCollege Board's guidelines and will be approved. As an example, this is the list for AP English Language and Composition: Have you read through the most recent AP English course description? Do you require students to write in several forms during the year (narrative, expository, analytical, and argumentative essays) as well as write about a variety of subjects (public policies, pop culture, personal experiences)? Do you have essays that go through several stages or drafts, with revision by you or other students? Do you also have students write in informal contexts (imitation exercises, journal keeping, collaborative writing, and in-class responses)? Do you assign nonfiction readings (e.g., essays, journalism, political writing, science writing, nature writing, autobiographies/biographies, diaries, history, criticism) to give students opportunities to identify and explain an author's use of rhetorical strategies and techniques? (If you use fiction and poetry, it should be to help students understand how various effects are achieved by writers' linguistic and rhetorical choices.) [Note: you can see a list of possible authors and works in the AP English Language course description.] Do you teach students to analyze how graphics and images both relate to written text and serve as texts themselves? Do you teach research skills, specifically the ability to evaluate, use, and cite sources? Do you assign a researched argument paper, which has students both cite and synthesize various sources to come up with their own argument? Do you have students cite sources using a standard style (like Modern Language Association or Chicago Manual of Style)? Do you give instruction and feedback on student writing focused on these skills: wide and effective vocabulary, variety of sentence structures, logical organization, balance of generalization and specific detail, effective use or rhetoric? The College Board's auditors will be using that same checklist to evaluate your syllabus. If your syllabus falls short on any of these questions, make sure to edit it before you submit it for review! It may alsobe helpful to have another teacher read through yoursyllabus andconfirm that itclearly meets the checklist guidelines. Other Syllabus Tips The deadline for your first submission to authorize a course taught in 2016-17is January 31, 2017. Make sure to start working on your syllabus well before that deadline! If your school has a multi-year course sequence leading to an AP class (for example, an honors biology class that feeds into AP Biology), only the course taken in the year that ends in the actual AP exam can carry the "AP" label.However,you should still submit syllabi from both coursesif the first year includes some AP class material. If your school has an interdisciplinary class, e.g. â€Å"American Studies,† that encompasses both history and literature, you can apply separately for AP the English Literature label and AP United States History label. Your final class might be called American Studies (AP English Lit/AP United States History). Just make sure you don't try to rename your final class something like "AP American Studies." Many AP science courses require a hands-on lab where â€Å"students manipulate, observe, explore, and think about science using concrete materials.† If you want examples of hands-on labs for the various science classes, check out the course’s page at the AP Course Audit website. Finally, if you want to read a first-person account from a teacher going through the audit process, including how a syllabus evolves to meet College Board standards, check out this blog post by Adrian Dingle. He writes in detail about how he had to edit his AP chemistry syllabus to get itapproved, even when the College Board's requirements didn't seem to make a lot of sense. For example, he says while trying to meet a requirement about connecting chemistry to the real world: â€Å"It seems as though they want me to describe an assignment with a specific topic for connecting chemistry to the real world. I’m just not prepared to do that at this stage – who KNOWS what current event might come up during the course that I think will make for a great opportunity to fulfill this criteria?† The main takeaway from his post is that even after extensive and sometimes annoying edits, he was still able to get his course approved by the College Board.Even though going through your first AP audit can be a bit nerve-wracking and time-consuming, remember that you have severalchances to revise your syllabus. Don’t feel pressured to get it perfect the first time! As long as you give it enough time and work to follow College Board's requirements, your syllabus should be approved. What’s Next? The audit process is fairly strict and not always a favorite among teachers. What are some other problems with the College Board’s AP program? Read in-depth about some of the AP program's problems. Are any of your students studying for the ACT or SAT? Does your school have an SAT/ACT class or tutoring program? If not, learn about the best way to teach the ACT / SAT to give your students the support they need. Teaching AP US History? We have a list of the best textbooks on the market. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Driving and Cell Phones Essays

Driving and Cell Phones Essays Driving and Cell Phones Essay Driving and Cell Phones Essay 1. Introduction In digital epoch. function of telecommunication equipments in back uping the manner people communicate and helps concern to smooth their daily operations is obvious. This advantage of digital age. in bend. enables us to see the epoch where people can pass on in many signifiers: voice ( through telephone. cellular phones. ready to hand chatty etc ) . informations ( short message services/SMS. facsimile etc ) . and picture ( video cyclosis. picture conference etc ) . This state of affairs refers to the epoch people call as the convergence in digital engineerings. Interestingly. there are appliances that convey all mentioned characteristics in little size ; they are cellular phones that grow since 1980s and presently have commercialized the 3G ( 3rd coevals ) services that enable users to pass on face to confront via little screens in their 3G-enbaled nomadic French telephones. All above information are facts about the development of cellular phones engineerings. Thankss to the betterment and adulthood in networking engineerings that helps people to pass on one to another across the metropoliss. lands. or even continents. Refering this issue. I will supply some illustrations of how cellular phones provide undisputed benefits for society in three wide facets: journalism/broadcasting industry. societal activities. and practical instruction. Refering the concern point of position. for cases. the being of cell phones enable employers to make their employees anyplace. anytime every bit long as they are covered by BTS ( Base Transceiver Station ) of their service providers/ mobile phone bearers. In these fortunes. we can witness that current pattern in news media shows that cellular phones truly simplify the manner the journalists/reporters report a state of affairs in one locale. For illustration. a airing company assigns one newsman to describe the unrecorded music public presentation someplace in a state ( Cohen. 2005 ) . The company asks the newsman to interview the sets and straight broadcast to audiences at place. In order to supply cost-effective interview. the newsman interviews the sets via his cellular phone. The interview is received at the company’s studio so straight broadcast the interview into the air. Although cellular phones have many benefits. the challenge is to educate users to utilize them suitably. Refering the issue. this paper will discourse about drive and cell phones. We will supply two opposing readings about the issues. 2. Professionals of Driving and Cell Phones It is acceptable that cell phone’s usage is best done while people are non driving. Everything that brings about a problem might direct to a greater hazard of sing a clang. However. it does non stand for there should be a ordinance opposed to it. The finest method to maintain away from a traffic clang is to drive protectively. Drive in the guess that all other drivers on the street are foolish that we should remain off from hitting. In add-on. people need to be tolerant. Peoples should non be one of those insensible drivers that are at velocity continuously ( Strayer. D. . Drews. F. . Albert R. . and Johnston W. . 2005 ) . The careful driver will maintain off from utilizing cell phones in so far as is possible while driving. However. it possibly some state of affairss wherein clip and practicality affirms a little rush in accident menace. peculiarly if the driver is otherwise focussed. Peoples have plenty ordinances that restrict single freedoms. for illustration the use of place belt. They do non necessitate one more ( Haas. W. . 2006 ) . Some peoples argue that it is sensible for leting them to go on utilizing their cell phones while they are driving on the streets. if they make usage of the cell phones that included by speaker unit characteristic. Therefore. when they are holding some conversations by the cell phones. they do non hold to take clasp of it. Other people besides refer to utilize hands-free. as an property of their cell phones that are believed can maintain them off from the hazard of accident ( Cell Phones A ; Driving . 2005 ) . Some peoples besides say that peculiar cell phones ordinances are non required because every state has respectable driving ordinances antecedently. Laws are effectual in establishing suited penalty for knowing people behavior. and Laws make regulation for obedient citizens. However. in mainly states. about $ 50 will be charged to people. which is driving and utilizing cell phones. Peopless think that it is non appropriate because it is highly exaggerating. If needed. they will do indispensable calls while their autos are stopped in right topographic points ( Cell Phones A ; Driving . 2005 ) . Adversaries of the drive and cell phones Torahs enlighten there is unequal confirmation to presume cell phones are any dissimilar from other breaks to drivers. In add-on. they debate aligned with Torahs by shouting that the cell phones present many advantages. for illustration the capableness to name for aid in the pressing state of affairs ( Pachter. B. . and Magee. S ) . Cell phones have developed into an of import device for people to execute their activities. Amid other appliances. cell phones assist to better productiveness by maintaining peoples ever connected to the others. Then once more. cell phones advance several topics refering protection. defence. and privateness every bit good. If peoples were obliged to utilize cell phones while driving. they consider that they can utilize the velocity dialing characteristics to simplify the use of cell phones. At the same clip. people can maintain their eyes on the street while driving ( Zielinski. K ) . 3. Professionals of Driving and Cell Phones – Contras Nowadays. there are assorted arguments about the safety of utilizing cell phones while driving. Probes explain that people who use cell phones while driving conveying about a much larger per centum of clangs than people who do non utilize their cell phones. Furthermore. the probes have revealed that it is non simply the physically activities needed to dialed Numberss in the cell phone while people are taking to drive the autos that brings about clangs. In fact. it is the deficiency of consciousness resulting from driving and chew the fating on the cell phones at the same time. When people are unfocused. they are more possible to do clangs ( Hitti. M. . 2006 ) . The use of cell phones can be covered merely after an accident. and guilty drivers can non be anticipated to squeal that their cell phone use was a causal ground. Whilst at the event of an accident. it is hard to anticipate that a constabulary officer will make an absolute probe of the auto and of the citizens to happen out whether cell phones had been on manus or used. It is difficult to place cell phones usage by drivers even for adept clang research workers. That is why. while something is insecure. some peoples look frontward to Torahs to be delivered for their safety. They want lawgivers set up ordinances to curtail the cell phones usage by drivers ( Strayer. D. . Drews. F. . Albert R. . and Johnston W. . 2005 ) . When the cell phone rings. people normally feel obliged to reply it. whether it is good situated. safe. or acceptable to make. They later become concentrated on the call. and lose their consciousness that needed for driving. Some survey evokes that cell phones use while driving creates larger hazards than assorted other sorts of distractions. A survey has set up that peoples who are engaged in cell phone conversations proved well slower reactions to traffic warning marks and failed to see warning marks wholly much more often than peoples who were hearing the wireless or else ( Pachter. B. . and Magee. S ) . Drivers who are unfocused by chew the fating on a cell phone or dialing Numberss at the same clip as they are driving are bring forthing traffic accidents progressively. Some metropoliss have restricted utilizing cell phones while driving since it has produced such a important calamity. The probe concentrated on the cell phone confab. because it needs action and reaction. It besides highlighted another facet such as people have to keeping the cell phone while chew the fating ( Hitti. M. . 2006 ) . Overall. probes set up that chew the fating on both a hand-held and a hands-free cell phone directed to considerable decreases in driving execution. The cell phone use while driving disturbs public presentation by airting concentration to an affecting cognitive state of affairs that immediately related with drive ( Hitti. M. . 2006 ) . 4. Argument Cell phones would non hold better repute if they did non present significant advantages to clients in the value of mobility and helpfulness. Research workers and route safety experts identify that cell phones present safe advantages every bit good as disadvantages in a similar manner. Cell phones create a possibility for drivers rapidly to inform pressing state of affairss to public safety governments and to inform overcrowding countries to traffic decision makers ( Cell Phones A ; Driving . 2005 ) . For people who are driving unaccompanied. at nighttime. in awful conditions. or on little-used roads. cell phones present extra protection and a better infinite for mistake. However. the cogent evidence emerges to be lifting that chew the fating on cell phones while driving nowadayss a new and peculiarly hazardous visual aspect of driver break. Lawgivers may state that criminalizing cell phones would diminish the measure of traffic clangs. However. I argue that it relied on the person. Some people might be under the drugs or rummies. and they turn into a menace to the other drivers on the street. However. there are other peoples that absolutely able to chew the fating on the cell phone or working other electronic tools while they are driving. I consider that it should be verified by the response clip of individuals. non simply indicating whether they utilizing a cell phone or other nomadic electronic tool. Some individuals have to be taken off the streets merely the manner they are. even with no any breaks. because they own about a two-second response clip. These people are a menace to other drivers. despite what tools they might be utilizing. Furthermore. surely. at what clip they answer a cell phone. their response clip might twice to four seconds. and later they are more than possible traveling to crash into person. The augmented consciousness arranged to the safety consequences of cell phone use while driving has generated a new impulse to congregate more information on cell phone use particularly and driver distractions overall. For the clip being. public sophistication will stay. even though non invariably with indistinguishable note. High-tech flawlessnesss are besides expected to keep their fast motion. but their capableness to happen the implicit in cause of all concerns environing cell phones and drive is possible to be restricted. 5. Decision Technology becomes driving factors that favour the growing of any concern ; fabrication. cordial reception ; car are some illustrations of industries that take benefits of engineering development. This is because engineering has becomes built-in portion of concern operation. One of engineering that continues demoing unbelievable advancement is telecommunication and electronics. The engineering grows at full velocity due to the benefits it provides to clients. Currently. telecommunication besides becomes primary demands non merely for concerns to pass on with their clients and co-workers but besides for parents to speak with their kids. However. the increasing velocity of technological innovation in cellular phones provide a important challenge particularly sing the moralss of utilizing cellular phones in public topographic points including while driving a auto. This paper has provided two opposite stances sing the issue.

Black Criticism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Black Criticism - Assignment Example As a critical theory, Black criticism single out condemnation and critique knowledge which is marked by more specific characteristic. The knowledge about racial discrimination presents itself as definite, final, and past human motivations and interests. As such, critical theory seek to destabilize such knowledge. Black criticism acknowledges that racialism is engrained within the system and fabric of American society. An individual racist does not need to so as to note institutional racism is universal in the leading culture. The theory recognizes that white supremacy and white privilege dominates the power structures, which propagates the marginalization of Blacks. Black criticism also discards the traditions of meritocracy and liberalism. Legal discourse reveals that the existing law is impartial and colorblind, nonetheless, the theory challenges this lawful â€Å"act† by scrutinizing meritocracy and liberalism as a means of self-interest, privilege and power.   Black criticism recognizes that meritocracy and liberalism are habitually stories told by those with power, wealth, and privilege. Such stories creates a wrong picture of meritocracy; every person who works hard enough can attain power, wealth, and privilege but disregarding the systemic inequalities which institutional ra cism offer. Intersectionality (examination of sexual orientation, race, class, gender, national origin, and how they interplay in various settings) in Black criticism leads to a multiple oppressions and identifies that race, in itself, cannot suggest disempowerment (Camara, 2011, pg. 63). This is a significant tenet in emphasizing that Black criticism is crucial for most oppressions facing folks of color. The theory does not commit to racism as one–dimensional approach to oppression due to the complexities of the world. An interpretation of white writing especially in racist nations illumines the level of Blacks` oppression –